The easiest way to configure a one-to-many relationship is by convention. EF Core will create a relationship if an entity contains a navigation property. Therefore, the minimum required for a relationship is the presence of a navigation property in the principal entity:
public class Author
{
public int AuthorId { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public ICollection<Book> Books { get; set; }
}
public class Book
{
public int BookId { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
}
The navigation property in this example is the Books property in the Author entity. It cannot be mapped to an equivalent data type within the database. EF Core will generate a shadow property for the foreign key named AuthorId, which will map to a nullable AuthorId foreign key column in the Books table in the database. Here is a snippet of the Up method in a corresponding Migration class:
migrationBuilder.CreateTable(
name: "Books",
columns: table => new
{
BookId = table.Column<int>(nullable: false)
.Annotation("SqlServer:ValueGenerationStrategy", SqlServerValueGenerationStrategy.IdentityColumn),
AuthorId = table.Column<int>(nullable: true),
Title = table.Column<string>(nullable: true)
},
constraints: table =>
{
table.PrimaryKey("PK_Books", x => x.BookId);
table.ForeignKey(
name: "FK_Books_Authors_AuthorId",
column: x => x.AuthorId,
principalTable: "Authors",
principalColumn: "AuthorId",
onDelete: ReferentialAction.Restrict);
});
The action that should take place when updating or deleting the principal in a one-to-many relationship is specified via the ReferentialAction enumeration, which has 5 possible values:
NoActionRestrictSetNullCascadeSetDefault
Each of these results in a different referential constraint action option being specified by EF Core's migration framework. When you use a single navigation property to define a one-to-many relationship, ON UPDATE is left at its default value of NO ACTION and the Restrict option is used for deletes, which is translated to ON DELETE NO ACTION for SQL Server as demonstrated in the resulting SQL for creating the Books table:
CREATE TABLE [Books] (
[BookId] int NOT NULL IDENTITY,
[AuthorId] int,
[Title] nvarchar(max),
CONSTRAINT [PK_Books] PRIMARY KEY ([BookId]),
CONSTRAINT [FK_Books_Authors_AuthorId] FOREIGN KEY ([AuthorId])
REFERENCES [Authors] ([AuthorId]) ON DELETE NO ACTION
);
Inverse Navigation Property
The second option available for defining one-to-many relationships by convention is to include an inverse navigation property in the dependent entity - the Author property in the Book entity below - in addition to the navigation property in the principal entity, which results in both ends of the relationship being specified:
public class Author
{
public int AuthorId { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public ICollection<Book> Books { get; set; }
}
public class Book
{
public int BookId { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public Author Author { get; set; }
}
This approach produces the same results in respect of the shadow property and referential constraints being generated as in the previous approach.
Fully Defined Relationship
In the third approach, the relationship is considered to be fully defined when both ends of the navigation are present together with a foreign key property:
public class Author
{
public int AuthorId { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public ICollection<Book> Books { get; set; }
}
public class Book
{
public int BookId { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public int AuthorId { get; set; }
public Author Author { get; set; }
}
In this case, the referential constraint will be specified as Cascade on delete, based on the relationship being a required relationship i.e. the foreign key is not nullable.
The same configuration can be achieved by omitting the inverse navigation property, specifying only the foreign key property and the principal navigational property:
public class Author
{
public int AuthorId { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public ICollection<Book> Books { get; set; }
}
public class Book
{
public int BookId { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public int AuthorId { get; set; }
}
Optional Relationships
In the previous example, the relationship is a required relationship. That means that a dependant cannot exist without its principal. If an author is deleted, all of the authors' books must also be deleted. EF Core will set up this behavior automatically if you explicitly include a non-nullable foreign key property, otherwise as you have seen, EF Core prevents the deletion of authors that are currently associated with books.
Logically, a book cannot exist without an author, so that relationship is always going to be a required one. The same cannot be said for the relationship between, say, a tenant and a property to let. A tenant can exist without being assigned to a property. This is an example of an optional relationship. This is the type of relationship that EF Core generates automatically if you do not include a foreign key property in the dependent entity, as you have seen in the first and second examples above. You can also explicitly create an optional relationship by including a nullable foreign key property in the dependent entity:
public class Property
{
public int PropertyId { get; set; }
public string Address { get; set; }
public List<Tenant> Tenants { get; set; }
}
public class Tenant
{
public int TenantId { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
public int? PropertyId { get; set; }
public Property Property { get; set; }
}
The Tenant entity includes a nullable foreign key property, PropertyId. The ? operator is shorthand for Nullable<int>. When a tenant first registers with a lettings agency, they won't have a property assigned to them. Therefore the PropertyId column in the database will be NULL, signifying a homeless state. If a property comes off the market and is no longer available, the tenants in that property will still exist, albeit in a homeless state.
By default, this kind of relationship will be created with a ReferentialAction of Restrict, which will prevent the deletion of properties assigned to tenants in the database. You must use the Fluent API to enable the SetNull behavior on this relationship, which will result in the PropertyId value being set to NULL on tenants linked to properties being deleted.
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